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(providing work)

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1 employment

employment [ɪm'plɔɪmənt]

noun

(a) (work) emploi m;

∎ to be without employment être sans emploi ou travail;

∎ to be in employment avoir un emploi ou du travail;

∎ full employment plein emploi m;

∎ conditions of employment conditions fpl de travail;

∎ to look for or to seek employment chercher du travail ou un emploi, être demandeur d'emploi;

∎ to give or to provide employment donner ou fournir du travail;

∎ (the) employment figures les chiffres mpl de l'emploi;

∎ British Secretary (of State) for or Minister of Employment, American Secretary for Employment ≃ ministre m du Travail

(b) (recruitment) embauche f; (providing work) emploi m

(c) (use → of method, word) emploi m; (→ of force, skill) usage m, emploi m

►► British Politics Employment Act = loi sur l'égalité des chances pour l'emploi;

employment agency, employment bureau agence f ou bureau m de placement;

employment exchange ≃ ANPE f;

employment law, employment legislation code m ou législation f du travail;

British formerly employment office ≃ ANPE f;

employment protection protection f de l'emploi;

British Employment Training = programme gouvernemental en faveur des chômeurs de longue durée

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > employment
2 drive

1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) køre

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) køre

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) drive

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) slå

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) drive
2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) køretur

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) indkørsel; opkørsel

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) gåpåmod; initiativ

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) kampagne; fremstød

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) slag

6) ((computers) a disk drive.) drev

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on
* * *
1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) køre

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) køre

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) drive

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) slå

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) drive
2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) køretur

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) indkørsel; opkørsel

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) gåpåmod; initiativ

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) kampagne; fremstød

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) slag

6) ((computers) a disk drive.) drev

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on

English-Danish dictionary > drive
3 night-school

noun ((a place providing) educational classes held in the evenings for people who are at work during the day.) aftenskole

* * *

noun ((a place providing) educational classes held in the evenings for people who are at work during the day.) aftenskole

English-Danish dictionary > night-school
4 drive

1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) conducir

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) llevar (en coche)

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) conducir

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) hincar, clavar, mandar

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) hacer funcionar, mover, impulsar

2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) paseo en coche

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) camino de entrada

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) ímpetu, empuje, dinamismo

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) campaña

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) drive

6) ((computers) a disk drive.) lectura de disquete

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on

drive¹ n

1. paseo en coche / vuelta en coche

shall we go for a drive? ¿vamos a dar una vuelta en coche?

2. camino de la entrada

there was a car parked in the drive había un coche aparcado en el camino de la entrada

drive² vb conducir

I don't like driving in the city no me gusta conducir por la ciudad

I drive to work voy a trabajar en coche

El pasado de drive es drove y el participio pasado es driven; el gerundio se escribe driving

drive

tr[draɪv]

noun

1 (trip) paseo en coche, vuelta en coche; (journey) viaje nombre masculino

■ we went for a drive dimos una vuelta en coche

■ it's only a 20-minute's drive (away) sólo está a 20 minutos en coche

■ it's a two-hour drive es un viaje de dos horas

2 (road) calle nombre femenino; (driveway) camino de entrada

3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (golf) golpe nombre masculino inicial, tiro de salida; (tennis) golpe nombre masculino fuerte, drive nombre masculino

4 (campaign) campaña

■ sales drive promoción

■ membership drive campaña para atraer socios

■ a no-smoking drive una campaña antitabaco

5 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL ofensiva, avanzada

6 (energy, initiative) energía, ímpetu nombre masculino, empuje nombre masculino, dinamismo

7 (need, compulsion) necesidad nombre femenino, impulso, instinto

■ sex drive instinto sexual

8 (propulsion system) transmisión nombre femenino, propulsión nombre femenino; (of wheeled vehicle) tracción nombre femenino

■ front-wheel drive tracción delantera

■ four-wheel drive tracción en las cuatro ruedas

■ right/left-hand drive con el volante a la derecha/izquierda

9 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (competition, tournament) torneo

■ whist drive torneo de whist

transitive verb (pt drove tr[drəʊv], pp driven tr['drɪvən])

1 (operate - vehicle) conducir

■ she can drive a lorry sabe conducir un camión

■ what car do you drive? ¿qué coche tienes?

■ he drives a bus es conductor de autobús

2 (take - person) llevar (en coche)

■ I'll drive you home te llevaré a casa

■ could you drive me to the airport? ¿podrías llevarme al aeropuerto?

3 (cause to move - person) hacer, obligar a; (- animal) arrear

■ he was driven back by the flames las llamas le hicieron retroceder

■ the war is driving prices up la guerra está haciendo subir los precios

4 (of wind - blow) llevar; (of water) llevarse

■ the wind drove the boat off course el viento alejó al barco de su rumbo

5 (provide power for, keep going) hacer funcionar, mover

■ the river drives the waterwheel el río mueve el molino

6 (strike in - stake) hincar; (- nail) clavar; (hit - ball) mandar

7 (construct - tunnel) perforar, abrir; (- motorway) construir

8 (force, compel to act) forzar, obligar; (cause to be in state) llevar, empujar

■ you're driving me crazy me estás volviendo loco

■ the pain was driving her mad el dolor la enloquecía

■ he is driven by greed lo impulsa la codicia

9 (make work hard, overwork) hacer trabajar

■ you've been driving yourself to hard te has estado exigiendo demasiado

intransitive verb

1 (vehicle) conducir

■ can you drive? ¿sabes conducir?

■ he's learning to drive está aprendiendo a conducir

■ I drove here vine en coche

■ don't drive so fast no vayas tan rápido, no corras

■ in England, people drive on the left en Inglaterra, la gente conduce por la izquierda

2 (of rain, hail, snow) azotar, barrer

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to drive a coach and horses through something saltarse algo a la torera

to drive a hard bargain saber cómo conseguir lo que uno,-a quiere, ser buen,-na negociador,-ra

to drive something home hacer entender algo

drive ['draɪv] v, drove ['dro:v] ; driven ['drɪvə n] ; driving vt

1) impel: impeler, impulsar

2) operate: guiar, conducir, manejar (un vehículo)

3) compel: obligar, forzar

4) : clavar, hincar

to drive a stake: clavar una estaca

5) or to drive away : ahuyentar, echar

6)

to drive crazy : volver loco

drive vi

: manejar, conducir

do you know how to drive?: ¿sabes manejar?

drive n

1) ride: paseo m en coche

2) campaign: campaña f

fund-raising drive: campaña para recaudar fondos

3) driveway: camino m de entrada, entrada f

4) transmission: transmisión f

front-wheel drive: tracción delantera

5) energy: dinamismo m, energía f

6) instinct, need: instinto m, necesidad f básica

drive (Computing)

n.

• lector s.m.

n.

• empuje s.m.

• mando s.m.

• paseo s.m.

• paseo en carro s.m.

drive (s.o.) nuts

expr.

• volverle (a una persona) loca v.

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: drove, driven) = clavar v.

• conducir v.

• empujar v.

• forzar v.

• guiar v.

• hostigar v.

• impulsar v.

• llevar en carro v.

• manejar v.

• rodar v.

I
1. draɪv
(past drove; past p driven) transitive verb

1) ( Transp)

a) \<\<car/busain\>\> manejar or (Esp) conducir*; \<\<racing car/power boat\>\> pilotar, pilotear

she drives a Renault — tiene un Renault

b) ( convey in vehicle) llevar en coche

she drove me home — me llevó en coche a casa

2)

a) ( cause to move) (+ adv compl)

the Indians were driven off their land — los indios fueron expulsados de sus tierras

we drove them away with sticks — los ahuyentamos con palos

he drove his cattle south — condujo su ganado hacia el sur

b) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> mandar, lanzar*

c) (provide power for, operate) hacer* funcionar, mover*

3)

a) ( make penetrate) \<\<nail\>\> clavar; \<\<stake\>\> hincar*

he drove the nail through the plank — atravesó la tabla con el clavo

to drive something INTO something — clavar/hincar* algo en algo

b) ( open up) \<\<tunnel/shaft\>\> perforar, abrir*

4)

a) ( cause to become) volver*

imprisonment drove him insane — la prisión lo volvió loco or lo llevó a la locura

he drives me crazy o mad with his incessant chatter — me saca de quicio con su constante cháchara

she drives me wild! — (colloq) me vuelve loco! (fam)

b) ( compel to act)

to drive somebody to + INF — llevar or empujar a alguien a + inf

we were driven to it by fear — fue el miedo lo que nos llevó a hacerlo

she is driven by ambition — la impulsa or motiva la ambición

c) ( overwork)

he drove them mercilessly — los hizo trabajar como esclavos

she drives herself too hard — se exige demasiado a sí misma

2.

vi manejar or (Esp) conducir*

to drive on the right/left — manejar or (Esp) conducir* por la derecha/izquierda

she drives to work — va a trabajar en coche

we drove all night — viajamos toda la noche

Phrasal Verbs:

- drive at

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

- drive up

II

noun

1) c ( in vehicle)

to go for a drive — ir* a dar un paseo or una vuelta en coche

it's a three-hour drive — es un viaje de tres horas en coche

2) c

a) ( leading to house) camino m, avenida f ( que lleva hasta una casa)

b) ( in front of house) entrada f ( para coches)

3) c (in golf, tennis) golpe m fuerte

4)

a) u ( energy) empuje m, dinamismo m

b) c ( compulsion) ( Psych) impulso m, instinto m

the sex drive — el apetito sexual

5) c

a) ( organized effort) campaña f

a sales drive — una campaña de ventas

b) ( attacking move) ( Mil) ofensiva f, avanzada f

c) ( in US football) ataque m

6)

a) u c ( propulsion system) transmisión f, propulsión f

b) u ( Auto)

front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — tracción f delanteraasera

four-wheel drive — tracción en las cuatro ruedas

right-/left-hand drive — con el volante a la derecha/a la izquierda

[draɪv] (vb: pt drove) (pp driven)
1. N

1) (=journey, outing)

it's a long drive — se tarda mucho en coche

it's only a short drive from here — desde aquí se tarda poco en coche

one hour's drive from London — a una hora en coche de Londres

it's a 50 mile drive — está a una distancia de 50 millas

to go for a drive — ir a dar una vuelta or un paseo en coche
test 4.
2) (=private road) (in front of garage) entrada f ; (to large house) camino m (de acceso), avenida f

his car was parked in the drive — su coche estaba aparcado en la entrada

3) (Tennis) golpe m directo, drive m ; (Golf) drive m

4) (=energy, motivation) empuje m, dinamismo m

• to have drive — tener empuje or dinamismo

• to lack drive — no tener empuje or dinamismo

5) (Psych) (=impulse) impulso m, instinto m

sex drive — libido f, líbido f, apetito m sexual

to have a high/low sex drive — tener la libido or líbido alta/baja, tener mucho/poco apetito sexual

6) (=campaign, effort) campaña f

a recruitment drive — una campaña de reclutamiento

a sales drive — una promoción de ventas

the drive towards industrialization — el camino hacia la industrialización

7) (Tech) (=power transmission system) transmisión f, propulsión f
(Aut)
• four-wheel drive — tracción f en las cuatro ruedas

a four-wheel drive jeep — un jeep con tracción en las cuatro ruedas

• front-wheel/ rear-wheel drive — tracción f delanteraasera

• a left-hand/ right-hand drive car — un coche con el volante a la izquierda/derecha

8) (=gear position in automatic car) marcha f

to put the car in drive — poner el coche en marcha

9) (Comput) (also: disk drive) unidad f de disco

CD-ROM drive — unidad f de CD-ROM

10) (=tournament)

whist drive — certamen m de whist

11) (Mil) (=attack) ofensiva f

2. VT

1) (=operate) [+ car, bus, train] conducir, manejar (LAm); [+ racing car, speedboat] pilotar

he drives a taxi — es taxista

she drives a Mercedes — tiene un Mercedes

2) (=carry) [+ passenger] llevar (en coche)

I'll drive you home — te llevo a tu casa

he drove me to the station — me llevó a la estación

3) (=power) [+ machine, vehicle] hacer funcionar

4) (=cause to move)

they drive the cattle to new pastures — conducen el ganado a otros pastos

the wind drove the rain into our eyes — el viento hacía que la lluvia nos azotaba en los ojos

a strong wind was driving the clouds across the sky — un viento fuerte arrastraba las nubes por el cielo

the gale drove the ship off course — el temporal hizo que el barco perdiera su rumbo

troops drove the demonstrators off the streets — las tropas obligaron a los manifestantes a abandonar las calles

5) (=push, hammer) [+ nail, stake] clavar ( into en)

to drive a post into the ground — clavar or hincar un poste en el suelo

she drove her fist straight into his face — le dio con el puño justo en la cara
home 2., 2)
6) (=excavate) [+ tunnel] abrir, construir; [+ hole] perforar; [+ furrow] hacer

7) (=force)

I was driven to it — me vi forzado a ello

competition has driven prices down — la competencia ha hecho que bajen los precios

hunger eventually drove him out of the house — finalmente el hambre lo empujó a salir de la casa

high prices are driving local people out of the area — el que los precios sean tan altos está haciendo que la gente se vaya a vivir a otras zonas

the recession drove them into bankruptcy — la recesión los llevó a la bancarrota

• to drive sb to despair — llevar a algn a la desesperación

• to drive sb to drink, his worries drove him to drink — sus problemas le llevaron a la bebida

it's enough to drive you to drink — hum te crispa los nervios

• to drive sb mad — volver loco a algn
bargain 1., 1), home 2., 2)
8) (=impel, motivate) empujar, mover

he was driven by greed/ambition — lo empujaba or movía la avaricia/ambición

to drive sb to do sth, drive sb into doing sth — empujar or llevar a algn a hacer algo

depression drove him to attempt suicide — la depresión le empujó or llevó a intentar suicidarse

what drove you to write this book? — ¿qué le empujó or llevó a escribir este libro?

9) (=overwork)

to drive sb hard — hacer trabajar mucho a algn

she is driving herself too hard — se está exigiendo demasiado

10) (Sport) [+ ball] mandar

3. VI

1) (=operate vehicle) conducir, manejar (LAm)

can you drive? — ¿sabes conducir or (LAm) manejar?

to drive on the left — circular por la izquierda

2) (=go)

he drove alone — hizo el viaje en coche solo

we've driven 50 miles in the last hour — hemos recorrido 80km (con el coche) en la última hora

next time we'll drive there — la próxima vez iremos en coche

he drives around in an expensive car — va por ahí en un coche de esos caros

• to drive at 50km an hour — ir (en un coche) a 50km por hora

• we'll drive down in the car this weekend — este fin de semana bajaremos en coche

• he drove into a wall — chocó con un muro

• to drive to London — ir a Londres en coche

3) (=handle) conducirse, manejarse (LAm)

the new Ford drives really well — el nuevo Ford se conduce or (LAm) se maneja muy bien

4) (=beat)

heavy rain drove against the window — la fuerte lluvia azotaba el cristal

4.

CPD

drive shaft N — (Aut) árbol m motor

- drive along

- drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive on to

- drive out

- drive over

- drive up

* * *

I
1. [draɪv]
(past drove; past p driven) transitive verb

1) ( Transp)

a) \<\<car/bus/train\>\> manejar or (Esp) conducir*; \<\<racing car/power boat\>\> pilotar, pilotear

she drives a Renault — tiene un Renault

b) ( convey in vehicle) llevar en coche

she drove me home — me llevó en coche a casa

2)

a) ( cause to move) (+ adv compl)

the Indians were driven off their land — los indios fueron expulsados de sus tierras

we drove them away with sticks — los ahuyentamos con palos

he drove his cattle south — condujo su ganado hacia el sur

b) ( Sport) \<\<ball\>\> mandar, lanzar*

c) (provide power for, operate) hacer* funcionar, mover*

3)

a) ( make penetrate) \<\<nail\>\> clavar; \<\<stake\>\> hincar*

he drove the nail through the plank — atravesó la tabla con el clavo

to drive something INTO something — clavar/hincar* algo en algo

b) ( open up) \<\<tunnel/shaft\>\> perforar, abrir*

4)

a) ( cause to become) volver*

imprisonment drove him insane — la prisión lo volvió loco or lo llevó a la locura

he drives me crazy o mad with his incessant chatter — me saca de quicio con su constante cháchara

she drives me wild! — (colloq) me vuelve loco! (fam)

b) ( compel to act)

to drive somebody to + INF — llevar or empujar a alguien a + inf

we were driven to it by fear — fue el miedo lo que nos llevó a hacerlo

she is driven by ambition — la impulsa or motiva la ambición

c) ( overwork)

he drove them mercilessly — los hizo trabajar como esclavos

she drives herself too hard — se exige demasiado a sí misma

2.

vi manejar or (Esp) conducir*

to drive on the right/left — manejar or (Esp) conducir* por la derecha/izquierda

she drives to work — va a trabajar en coche

we drove all night — viajamos toda la noche

Phrasal Verbs:

- drive at

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

- drive up

II

noun

1) c ( in vehicle)

to go for a drive — ir* a dar un paseo or una vuelta en coche

it's a three-hour drive — es un viaje de tres horas en coche

2) c

a) ( leading to house) camino m, avenida f ( que lleva hasta una casa)

b) ( in front of house) entrada f ( para coches)

3) c (in golf, tennis) golpe m fuerte

4)

a) u ( energy) empuje m, dinamismo m

b) c ( compulsion) ( Psych) impulso m, instinto m

the sex drive — el apetito sexual

5) c

a) ( organized effort) campaña f

a sales drive — una campaña de ventas

b) ( attacking move) ( Mil) ofensiva f, avanzada f

c) ( in US football) ataque m

6)

a) u c ( propulsion system) transmisión f, propulsión f

b) u ( Auto)

front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — tracción f delantera/trasera

four-wheel drive — tracción en las cuatro ruedas

right-/left-hand drive — con el volante a la derecha/a la izquierda

English-spanish dictionary > drive
5 drive

I 1. [draɪv]
nome

1) (car journey)

to go for a drive — andare a fare un giro in auto

it's only five minutes' drive from here — è solo a cinque minuti d'auto da qui

it's a 40 km drive to the hospital — ci sono 40 km (di strada) fino all'ospedale

2) (campaign, effort) campagna f., sforzo m. ( against contro; for, towards per; to do per fare)

3) (motivation, energy) iniziativa f., energia f.; (inner urge) pulsione f., istinto m.

the drive to win — la volontà di vincere

4) inform. drive m., unità f.

5) mecc. trasmissione f.

6) (path) (of house) vialetto m., strada f. privata

7) sport (in golf) drive m., colpo m. lungo; (in tennis) drive m., diritto m.
2.
modificatore mecc. [ mechanism] di trasmissione
II 1. [draɪv]
verbo transitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) [ driver] guidare, condurre [car, bus, train]; pilotare [ racing car]; trasportare [cargo, load, passenger]; percorrere (in auto) [ distance]

to drive sb. home — portare a casa qcn. (in auto)

to drive sth. into — portare qcs. dentro [garage, space]

2) (force, compel) [poverty, urge] spingere [ person] ( to do a fare)

he was driven to drink — fu spinto all'alcolismo (by da)

to be driven out of business — essere costretto a cessare l'attività, a ritirarsi dagli affari

to drive sb. mad o crazy — colloq. fare impazzire o diventare matto qcn. (anche fig.)

3) (chase or herd) spingere, condurre [herd, cattle]; spingere [ game]

he was driven from o out of the country — fu cacciato dal paese

4) (power, propel) azionare, fare funzionare [engine, pump]

what drives the economy? — qual è il motore dell'economia?

5) (push) [tide, wind] spingere, sospingere [boat, clouds]; [ person] piantare, conficcare [ nail]

to drive sth. into sb.'s head — fig. fare entrare qcs. nella testa di qcn., ficcare qcs. in testa a qcn

6) (force to work hard) incalzare, fare lavorare sodo [pupil, recruit]

7) sport (in golf) colpire, tirare con un driver [ ball]; (in tennis) colpire di diritto [ ball]
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) aut. guidare

I took pictures as we drove along — feci delle foto mentre viaggiavamo in auto

you can't drive along the High Street — non è possibile percorrere in auto la via principale

to drive to work — andare a lavorare in auto

to drive into — entrare (con l'auto) in [garage, space]; andare a sbattere contro [tree, lamppost]

to drive up, down a hill — salire su, scendere da una collina (in auto)

to drive past — passare (con l'auto)

2) sport (in golf) fare un drive; (in tennis) tirare di diritto, fare un drive
3.
verbo riflessivo

1) aut.

the Minister drives himself — il ministro in persona guida l'auto

2) (push oneself)

to drive oneself to do — sforzarsi di fare

to drive oneself too hard — sforzarsi troppo

•

- drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

* * *
1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) guidare

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) portare

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) spingere innanzi

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) battere; scagliare

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) azionare
2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) gita in automobile

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) viale d'accesso, strada privata

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) energia

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) campagna

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) colpo

6) ((computers) a disk drive.) drive, lettore, unità

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on
* * *
drive /draɪv/
n.

1 giro (o viaggio) in macchina: to go for a drive, fare un giro in macchina; to take sb. for a drive, portare q. a fare un giro in macchina; It's two hours' drive there and back, ci sono due ore di macchina per andare e venire; a long and boring drive, un viaggio in macchina lungo e noioso; a 50 mile drive, un percorso in macchina di 50 miglia; The mountains are a short drive away, ci vuole poco in macchina per andare in montagna; a drive in the country [along the coast], un giro in macchina in campagna [lungo la costa]

2 strada carrozzabile; (spec.) viale, vialetto ( di una casa): The house is reached by means of a tree-lined drive, si raggiunge la casa per mezzo di un viale alberato

3 ( in nomi di vie) «drive»: 4 Privet Drive, Privet Drive No 4

4 [u] determinazione, volontà: the drive to succeed, la volontà di riuscire; You need a lot of drive to succeed in business, ci vuole molta determinazione per riuscire in affari

5 [uc] (psic.) pulsione, impulso: basic human drives, le pulsioni fondamentali dell'essere umano; the sex drive, l'impulso sessuale

6 [u] aspirazione: the drive for peace, l'aspirazione alla pace; the drive for perfection [improvement, change], l'aspirazione alla perfezione [al miglioramento, al cambiamento]

7 ( anche comm.) sforzo collettivo, campagna: a recruitment [sales] drive, una campagna di assunzioni [di vendite]; an export drive, una campagna per promuovere le esportazioni; a concerted drive to raise the firm's profile, una campagna comune per far salire il profilo dell'azienda

8 (comput.) drive; ( anche) lettore, unità: hard ( disk) drive, hard disk, disco fisso; disk drive, unità disco

9 ( sport) colpo ( dato a una palla); ( tennis) diritto, drive; ( calcio) tiro; ( golf) colpo lungo, drive; ( pallavolo) attacco, schiacciata: drive against the post, palo ( il tiro sul montante); drive at goal, tiro in porta; drive down the sideline, lungolinea (sost.)

10 [uc] (autom.) guida ( il meccanismo, lo sterzo): left-hand drive, guida a sinistra ( negli automezzi dei paesi in cui il traffico tiene la destra); right-hand drive, guida a destra ( negli automezzi dei paesi in cui il traffico tiene la sinistra)

11 [uc] (autom., mecc.) trazione: front-[rear-]wheel drive, trazione anteriore [posteriore]; four-wheel drive, trazione integrale

12 [uc] (mecc.) comando trasmissione; presa: belt drive, trasmissione a cinghia; direct drive, presa diretta

13 battuta di caccia; inseguimento

14 (mil.) attacco; offensiva

15 [uc] (ind. min.) scavo di galleria; avanzamento; ( anche) galleria in direzione

16 (ingl.: nei giochi di carte) torneo: a whist drive, un torneo di whist

● drive belt, cinghia di trasmissione □ (mecc.) drive gear, ingranaggio conduttore □ (elettr.) drive pulse, impulso di comando □ (mecc.) drive screw, vite autofilettante □ (mecc.) drive wheel, ruota motrice.
♦ (to) drive /draɪv/
(pass. drove, p. p. driven)

A v. t.

1 guidare ( un veicolo); ( sport) pilotare: to drive a car [a van, a bus, a train], guidare una macchina [un furgone, un autobus, un treno]; to drive a racing car, pilotare una vettura da corsa; What do you drive?; che macchina hai?

2 accompagnare, portare (q.) in macchina: to drive sb. home, accompagnare q. a casa in macchina; Can you drive me to the office?, puoi portarmi in macchina in ufficio?

3 (fig.) spingere, portare (q. a qc.): to drive sb. to drink, spingere q. a bere (o a darsi all'alcol); to drive sb. to suicide, spingere q. al suicidio; to drive sb. to despair, portare q. alla disperazione; His insane jealousy drove her to leave him, la sua folle gelosia l'ha spinta a lasciarlo; High interest rates drove them to bankruptcy, gli alti tassi di interesse li hanno portati al fallimento; ( anche fig.) to drive sb. crazy (o mad) fare impazzire q.; (fam.) to drive sb. nuts (o round the bend, round the twist, up the wall) fare impazzire q.

4 spingere, motivare: He is driven by a need to outshine his older brother, è motivato dal bisogno di superare il fratello più grande; I want to find out what drives him, voglio scoprire cos'è che lo motiva; His novels are driven by plot rather than character, i suoi romanzi sono incentrati più sulla trama che sui personaggi

5 condurre un gregge (o una mandria) di: to drive sheep [cattle], condurre un gregge di pecore [una mandria di bovini]

6 (fig.) far lavorare (duro): He drives his employees hard, fa lavorare duro i suoi dipendenti; She drives herself too hard, si dà troppo da fare

7 ( sport) battere, scagliare; ( calcio) spedire ( la palla); ( tennis) colpire di diritto; ( golf) colpire con un driver: ( baseball) The batter drove the ball into the bleachers, il battitore ha scagliato la palla nelle gradinate

8 conficcare, piantare: to drive a stake into the ground [a nail into a wall], piantare un palo per terra [un chiodo nel muro]

9 scavare: to drive a tunnel through a mountain, scavare una galleria attraverso un monte

10 sospingere: The storm drove the boat onto the reef, la tempesta ha sospinto la barca sulla scogliera

11 fare andare, cacciare: The enemy were driven out of the town, i nemici sono stati cacciati dalla città; They drove the animals away by shouting and waving their arms, hanno mandato via gli animali urlando e agitando le braccia; Heavy rain drove them inside, la forte pioggia li ha fatti rientrare in casa; Thousands were driven from their home, migliaia di persone sono state costrette a lasciare la loro casa; Lots of holidaymakers were driven away by the bad weather, il cattivo tempo ha fatto partire in tutta fretta molti vacanzieri

12 (di solito al passivo) azionare; far funzionare: The turbines are driven by water, le turbine sono azionate dall'acqua

13 ( nella caccia) stanare ( la selvaggina); battere ( un terreno)

B v. i.

1 (autom.) guidare: He's learning to drive, sta imparando a guidare; Let me drive, please!, fa' guidare me, per favore; I can't drive, non so guidare; He drives very well [too fast], guida molto bene [troppo forte]; Shall we drive back?, torniamo indietro?; He drove into a wall, è andato a sbattere con la macchina contro un muro; to drive out of the garage, uscire dal garage

2 andare ( con un veicolo privato); andare in macchina: Shall we drive or walk?, andiamo in macchina o a piedi?; They drove to the airport, sono andati all'aeroporto in macchina; We got into the car and drove home, siamo saliti in macchina e siamo andati a casa; I don't drive anymore into town, there's never anywhere to park, non vado più in centro in macchina, non si trova mai parcheggio; After waiting for five minutes, the taxi-driver drove away, dopo avere aspettato cinque minuti, il tassista è andato via

3 ( di veicolo) andare: The car drove into a lamppost, la macchina è andata a sbattere contro un lampione

4 ( della pioggia, ecc.) cadere (forte); battere: The snow was driving down, nevicava forte; Rain was driving against the windows, la pioggia batteva contro le finestre

5 (mil.) spingersi; addentrarsi: Napoleon drove ( ahead) into the plains of Russia, Napoleone si addentrò nelle pianure della Russia

6 (ind. min.) avanzare ( con lo scavo)

7 (naut., spesso to drive along) correre in poppa; fuggire il tempo

● to drive oneself, guidare: She can't drive herself any more, her daughter has to do it, non può più guidare, deve accompagnarla sua figlia □ ( slang USA) to drive the big (o the porcelain) bus, vomitare nella toilette □ (ingl.) to drive a coach and horses through st., mostrare chiaramente tutte le falle di qc.: This verdict drives a coach and horses through the legislation, questo verdetto mostra chiaramente tutte le falle della legislazione □ (autom., GB) to drive with excess alcohol, guidare in stato di ebbrezza □ to drive st. home, chiarire (bene) qc.: to drive home one's point, chiarire bene il proprio punto di vista; I drove home to them what the problem was, gli ho fatto capire qual era il problema □ to drive a hard bargain, fare un accordo molto vantaggioso □ to drive a wedge between, seminare zizzania tra □ (fig.) to drive sb. into a corner, mettere q. alle strette (o con le spalle al muro) □ (fig.) to drive st. into the ground, portare qc. alla rovina: They drove the business into the ground, hanno portato l'azienda alla rovina □ to drive prices through the roof, far salire i prezzi alle stelle.

* * *
I 1. [draɪv]
nome

1) (car journey)

to go for a drive — andare a fare un giro in auto

it's only five minutes' drive from here — è solo a cinque minuti d'auto da qui

it's a 40 km drive to the hospital — ci sono 40 km (di strada) fino all'ospedale

2) (campaign, effort) campagna f., sforzo m. ( against contro; for, towards per; to do per fare)

3) (motivation, energy) iniziativa f., energia f.; (inner urge) pulsione f., istinto m.

the drive to win — la volontà di vincere

4) inform. drive m., unità f.

5) mecc. trasmissione f.

6) (path) (of house) vialetto m., strada f. privata

7) sport (in golf) drive m., colpo m. lungo; (in tennis) drive m., diritto m.
2.
modificatore mecc. [ mechanism] di trasmissione
II 1. [draɪv]
verbo transitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) [ driver] guidare, condurre [car, bus, train]; pilotare [ racing car]; trasportare [cargo, load, passenger]; percorrere (in auto) [ distance]

to drive sb. home — portare a casa qcn. (in auto)

to drive sth. into — portare qcs. dentro [garage, space]

2) (force, compel) [poverty, urge] spingere [ person] ( to do a fare)

he was driven to drink — fu spinto all'alcolismo (by da)

to be driven out of business — essere costretto a cessare l'attività, a ritirarsi dagli affari

to drive sb. mad o crazy — colloq. fare impazzire o diventare matto qcn. (anche fig.)

3) (chase or herd) spingere, condurre [herd, cattle]; spingere [ game]

he was driven from o out of the country — fu cacciato dal paese

4) (power, propel) azionare, fare funzionare [engine, pump]

what drives the economy? — qual è il motore dell'economia?

5) (push) [tide, wind] spingere, sospingere [boat, clouds]; [ person] piantare, conficcare [ nail]

to drive sth. into sb.'s head — fig. fare entrare qcs. nella testa di qcn., ficcare qcs. in testa a qcn

6) (force to work hard) incalzare, fare lavorare sodo [pupil, recruit]

7) sport (in golf) colpire, tirare con un driver [ ball]; (in tennis) colpire di diritto [ ball]
2.
verbo intransitivo (pass. drove; p.pass. driven)

1) aut. guidare

I took pictures as we drove along — feci delle foto mentre viaggiavamo in auto

you can't drive along the High Street — non è possibile percorrere in auto la via principale

to drive to work — andare a lavorare in auto

to drive into — entrare (con l'auto) in [garage, space]; andare a sbattere contro [tree, lamppost]

to drive up, down a hill — salire su, scendere da una collina (in auto)

to drive past — passare (con l'auto)

2) sport (in golf) fare un drive; (in tennis) tirare di diritto, fare un drive
3.
verbo riflessivo

1) aut.

the Minister drives himself — il ministro in persona guida l'auto

2) (push oneself)

to drive oneself to do — sforzarsi di fare

to drive oneself too hard — sforzarsi troppo

•

- drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

English-Italian dictionary > drive
6 drive

1. noun
1) Fahrt, die

a nine-hour drive, a drive of nine hours — eine neunstündige Autofahrt

have a long drive to work — eine lange Anfahrt zur Arbeit haben

2) (street) Straße, die

3) (private road) Zufahrt, die; (entrance to large building) Auffahrt, die

4) (energy to achieve) Tatkraft, die

5) (Commerc., Polit., etc.): (vigorous campaign) Aktion, die; Kampagne, die

export/sales/recruiting drive — Export- / Verkaufs- / Anwerbekampagne, die

6) (Psych.) Trieb, der

7) (Motor Veh.): (position of steering wheel)

left-hand/right-hand drive — Links-/Rechtssteuerung od. -lenkung, die

be left-hand drive — Linkssteuerung haben

8) (Motor Veh., Mech. Engin.): (transmission of power) Antrieb, der

front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — Front-/Heckantrieb, der
2. transitive verb,
drove, driven

1) fahren [Auto, Lkw, Route, Strecke, Fahrgast]; lenken [Kutsche, Streitwagen]; treiben [Tier]

2) (as job)

drive a lorry/train — Lkw-Fahrer/Lokomotivführer sein

3) (compel to move) vertreiben

drive somebody out of or from a place/country — jemanden von einem Ort/aus einem Land vertreiben

4) (chase, urge on) treiben [Vieh, Wild]

5) (fig.)

drive somebody to something — jemanden zu etwas treiben

drive somebody out of his mind or wits — jemanden in den Wahnsinn treiben

6) [Wind, Wasser:] treiben

be driven off course — abgetrieben werden

7) (cause to penetrate)

drive something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) treiben

8) (power) antreiben [Mühle, Maschine]

be steam-driven or driven by steam — dampfgetrieben sein

9) (incite to action) antreiben

drive oneself [too] hard — sich [zu sehr] schinden
3. intransitive verb,
drove, driven

1) fahren

in Great Britain we drive on the left — bei uns in Großbritannien ist Linksverkehr

drive at 30 m.p.h. — mit 50 km/h fahren

learn to drive — [Auto]fahren lernen; den Führerschein machen (ugs.)

can you drive? — kannst du Auto fahren?

2) (go by car) mit dem [eigenen] Auto fahren

3) [Hagelkörner, Wellen:] schlagen

clouds were driving across the sky — Wolken jagten über den Himmel

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/86427/drive_at">drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

- drive up

* * *
1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) fahren

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) fahren

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) treiben

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) schlagen

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) betreiben
2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) die Fahrt

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) die Auffahrt

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) die Tatkraft

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) der Antrieb

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) der Stoß

6) ((computers) a disk drive.)

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on
* * *

drive

[draɪv]

I. n

1. (trip) Fahrt f

to go for a \drive eine Spazierfahrt machen, spazieren fahren

let's go for a \drive in the new car lass uns eine Spritztour mit dem neuen Wagen machen fam

to go for a \drive to the mountains/seaside in die Berge/ans Meer fahren

to take sb [out] for [or on] a \drive mit jdm eine Spazierfahrt machen [o spazieren fahren]

shall I take you for a \drive to the seaside? wollen wir ans Meer fahren?

2. no pl (distance) Fahrt f

it is a 20-mile/20-minute \drive to the airport der Flughafen ist 30 Kilometer/20 Minuten [Autofahrt] entfernt, zum Flughafen sind es [mit dem Auto] 30 Kilometer/20 Minuten

a day's \drive eine Tagesfahrt

to be an hour's \drive away/within an hour's \drive eine/keine Autostunde entfernt sein

to be an hour's \drive from/within an hours' \drive of sth eine/keine Autostunde von etw dat entfernt sein

3. (road, street) [Fahr]straße f; (lane) [Fahr]weg m; (approaching road) Zufahrt f; (car entrance) Einfahrt f; (to a large building) Auffahrt f

4. no pl AUTO, TECH (transmission) Antrieb m

all-wheel \drive Allradantrieb m

front-wheel \drive Vorderradantrieb m, Frontantrieb m

5. no pl (steering)

left-/right-hand \drive Links-/Rechtssteuerung f

6. no pl (energy) Tatkraft f, Energie f; (élan, vigour) Schwung m, Elan m, Drive m; (motivation) Tatendrang m; (persistence) Biss m fam

she lacks \drive es fehlt ihr an Elan

we need a manager with \drive wir brauchen einen tatkräftigen [o dynamischen] Manager

to have [no] \drive [keinen] Schwung [o Elan] haben

he has the \drive to succeed er hat den nötigen Biss, um es zu schaffen fam

7. no pl PSYCH Trieb m

sex \drive Geschlechtstrieb m, Sexualtrieb m, Libido f fachspr

8. (campaign) Aktion f, Kampagne f

economy \drive Sparmaßnahmen pl

to be on an economy \drive Sparmaßnahmen durchführen

fund-raising \drive Spenden[sammel]aktion f

to organize a \drive to collect money eine Sammelaktion organisieren

recruitment \drive Anwerbungskampagne f

membership [recruitment] \drive Mitgliederwerbeaktion f, Mitglieder-Anwerbungskampagne f

9. SPORT (in golf, tennis) Treibschlag m BRD, ÖSTERR fachspr, Drive m fachspr; (in badminton) Treibball m BRD, ÖSTERR fachspr

10. COMPUT Laufwerk nt

disk \drive Diskettenlaufwerk nt

CD-ROM \drive CD-ROM-Laufwerk nt

hard \drive Festplatte f

11. AGR (of animals) Treiben nt kein pl

cattle \drive Viehtrieb m

II. vt

<drove, -n>

1. (steer, control)

▪ to \drive sth etw fahren

to \drive a racing car einen Rennwagen steuern

to \drive a bus/coach einen Bus lenken; (as a job) Busfahrer(in) m(f) sein

2. (transport)

▪ to \drive sb jdn fahren

to \drive sb home/to school jdn nach Hause/zur Schule fahren

3. (force onward[s])

▪ to \drive sb/an animal jdn/ein Tier antreiben; ( fig)

to \drive oneself too hard sich dat zu viel zumuten

4. (force, make go)

▪ to \drive sb/sth against/into sth jdn/etw gegen/in etw akk treiben

the rain was \driven against the windows by the wind der Wind peitschte den Regen gegen die Fenster

the wind drove the snow into my face der Wind wehte mir den Schnee ins Gesicht

the storm threatened to \drive us against the cliffs der Sturm drohte uns gegen die Klippen zu schleudern

▪ to \drive an animal into/out of sth ein Tier in etw akk /aus etw dat heraus treiben

▪ to \drive sb/an animal to sth jdn/ein Tier zu etw dat treiben

to \drive sb to the border/woods jdn zur Grenze/in den Wald treiben

5. (expel)

to \drive sb from [or out of] sth jdn aus etw dat vertreiben [o verjagen]

to be \driven from [or out of] the city/country aus der Stadt/dem Land vertrieben werden

to \drive sb from [or out of] the house jdn aus dem Haus jagen

6. (compel)

▪ to \drive sb/sth jdn/etw treiben

he was \driven by greed Gier bestimmte sein Handeln

the government has \driven the economy into deep recession die Regierung hat die Wirtschaft in eine tiefe Rezession gestürzt

the scandal drove the minister out of office der Skandal zwang den Minister zur Amtsniederlegung

banning boxing would \drive the sport underground ein Verbot des Boxsports würde dazu führen, dass dieser Sport heimlich weiterbetrieben wird

to \drive sb to despair jdn zur Verzweiflung treiben

to \drive sb to drink jdn zum Trinker werden lassen

to \drive sb to suicide jdn in den Selbstmord treiben

▪ to \drive sb to do sth jdn dazu treiben [o bewegen] [o bringen], etw zu tun

it was the arguments that drove her to leave home wegen all der Streitereien verließ sie schließlich ihr Zuhause

7. (render)

to \drive sb mad [or crazy] [or insane] ( fam) jdn zum Wahnsinn treiben, jdn wahnsinnig [o verrückt] machen fam

it's driving me mad! das macht mich noch wahnsinnig! fam

to \drive an animal wild ein Tier wild machen

to \drive sb wild (crazy, angry) jdn wahnsinnig machen fam; (aroused) jdn heißmachen sl

8. (hit into place)

▪ to \drive sth between/into/through sth etw zwischen/in/durch etw akk schlagen [o treiben]

to \drive a post into the ground einen Pfosten in den Boden rammen

9. (power)

▪ to \drive sth engine etw antreiben; COMPUT interface etw treiben [o steuern]

steam-\driven dampfbetrieben, dampfangetrieben

10. (in golf)

to \drive a ball einen Ball treiben [o fachspr driven

11.

▶ to \drive a coach and horses through sth ( fam) etw auseinandernehmen fig fam

▶ to \drive a hard bargain hart verhandeln

you really want £2,000 for that? you certainly \drive a hard bargain! Sie wollen tatsächlich 2.000 Pfund dafür? das ist ja wohl total überzogen! fam

▶ to \drive one's message [or point] home seinen Standpunkt klarmachen

▶ to \drive a wedge between two people einen Keil zwischen zwei Menschen treiben

III. vi

<drove, -n>

1. (steer vehicle) fahren

can you \drive? kannst du Auto fahren?

can you \drive home? kannst du nach Hause fahren?

who was driving at the time of the accident? wer saß zur Zeit des Unfalls am Steuer?

to learn to \drive [Auto] fahren lernen, den Führerschein [o SCHWEIZ Fahrausweis] machen

2. (move) fahren; (travel) mit dem Auto fahren

are you going by train? — no, I'm driving fahren Sie mit dem Zug? — nein, mit dem Auto

to \drive on/past weiter-/vorbeifahren

3. (function) fahren, laufen

4. rain, snow peitschen; clouds jagen

the rain was driving down der Regen peitschte herab

the snow was driving into my face der Schnee peitschte mir ins Gesicht

the clouds were driving across the sky die Wolken jagten vorbei [o über den Himmel]

* * *
[draɪv] vb: pret drove, ptp driven
1. n

1) (AUT: journey) (Auto)fahrt f

to go for a drive — ein bisschen (raus)fahren

to go for a drive to the coast — ans Meer fahren

he took her for a drive in his new car — er machte mit ihr eine Spazierfahrt in seinem neuen Auto

it's about one hour's drive from London — es ist etwa eine Stunde Fahrt von London (entfernt)

2) (into house) Einfahrt f; (longer) Auffahrt f, Zufahrt f

3) (GOLF, TENNIS) Treibschlag m

4) (PSYCH ETC) Trieb m

sex drive — Geschlechts- or Sexualtrieb m

5) (= energy) Schwung m, Elan m, Tatendrang m

you're losing your drive —

he has no drive — er hat keinen Elan or Schwung

6) (COMM, POL ETC) Aktion f

this is part of a drive to attract new members — das ist Teil einer Mitgliederwerbeaktion

recruitment drive — Anwerbungskampagne f

fundraising drive — Sammelaktion f

the drive toward(s) democracy — die starke Entwicklung zur Demokratie hin

See:

→ export

7) (MIL: offensive) kraftvolle Offensive

8) (MECH: power transmission) Antrieb m

front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — Vorderrad-/Hinterradantrieb m

9) (AUT) Steuerung f

left-hand drive — Linkssteuerung f

10)

See:

→ whist

11) (COMPUT) Laufwerk nt

2. vt

1) (= cause to move) people, animals, dust, clouds etc treiben

to drive sb out of the country — jdn aus dem Land ( ver)treiben

to drive a nail/stake into sth — einen Nagel/Pfahl in etw (acc) treiben

the gale drove the ship off course — der Sturm trieb das Schiff vom Kurs ab

2) cart, car, train fahren

he drives a taxi (for a living) — er ist Taxifahrer, er fährt Taxi (inf)

3) (= convey in vehicle) person fahren

I'll drive you home —

could you drive us there? — können Sie uns dahin fahren?

4) (= provide power for, operate) motor (belt, shaft) antreiben; (electricity, fuel) betreiben; (COMPUT) steuern

a car driven by electricity — ein Auto nt mit Elektroantrieb

5) (TENNIS, GOLF) ball driven (spec)

to drive the ball — einen Treibball spielen

6) (= cause to be in a state or to become) treiben

or mad — jdn verrückt machen

to drive sb to murder —

I was driven to it — ich wurde dazu getrieben

who/what drove you to do that? — wer/was trieb or brachte Sie dazu(, das zu tun)?

7) (= force to work hard) person hart herannehmen, schinden (pej)

he drives himself very hard — er fordert sich selbst sehr stark

8) tunnel treiben; well ausheben; nail schlagen

3. vi

1) (= travel in vehicle) fahren

can you or do you drive? — fahren Sie Auto?

he's learning to drive — er lernt Auto fahren

to drive at 50 km an hour —

to drive on the right — rechts fahren

did you come by train? – no, we drove — sind Sie mit der Bahn gekommen? – nein, wir sind mit dem Auto gefahren

it's cheaper to drive — mit dem Auto ist es billiger

driving while intoxicated (US) — Fahren nt in betrunkenem Zustand, Trunkenheit f am Steuer

2) (= move violently) schlagen, peitschen

the rain was driving into our faces — der Regen peitschte uns (dat) ins Gesicht

* * *

drive [draıv]

A s

1. Fahrt f, besonders Ausfahrt f, Spazierfahrt f, Ausflug m:

take a drive, go for a drive → drive out A 2;

the drive back die Rückfahrt;

an hour’s drive away eine Autostunde entfernt

2. a) Treiben n (von Vieh, Holz etc)

b) Zusammentreiben n (von Vieh)

c) zusammengetriebene Tiere pl

3. JAGD Treibjagd f

4. besonders Tennis, Golf: Drive m, Treibschlag m

5. MIL Vorstoß m (auch fig)

6. fig Kampagne f, (besonders Werbe) Feldzug m, (besonders Sammel) Aktion f

7. fig Schwung m, Elan m, Dynamik f

8. fig Druck m:

I’m in such a drive that … ich stehe so sehr unter Druck, dass …

9. a) Tendenz f, Neigung f ( auch PSYCH)

b) PSYCH Trieb m: → sexual

10. a) Fahrstraße f, -weg m

b) (private) Auffahrt (zu einer Villa etc)

c) Zufahrtsstraße f, -weg m

11. a) TECH Antrieb m

b) COMPUT Laufwerk n

12. AUTO (Links- etc) Steuerung

B v/t prät drove [drəʊv], obs drave [dreıv], pperf driven [ˈdrıvn]

1. (vorwärts)treiben, antreiben:

drive all before one fig jeden Widerstand überwinden, unaufhaltsam sein

2. fig treiben:

drive sb to death (suicide) jemanden in den Tod (zum oder in den Selbstmord) treiben; → bend A 1, corner A 3, crazy 1, desperation 1, mad A 1, wall Bes Redew, wild A 9

3. einen Nagel etc treiben, schlagen, einen Pfahl rammen ( alle:

into in akk):

drive sth into sb fig jemandem etwas einbläuen; → home C 3, wedge A 1

4. (zur Arbeit) antreiben, hetzen:

drive sb hard

a) jemanden schinden,

b) jemanden in die Enge treiben

5. jemanden veranlassen (to, into zu; to do zu tun), bringen (to, into zu), dazu bringen oder treiben ( to do zu tun):

be driven by hunger vom Hunger getrieben werden

6. jemanden nötigen, zwingen ( beide:

to, into zu;

to do zu tun)

7. zusammentreiben

8. vertreiben, verjagen ( beide:

from von)

9. JAGD treiben, hetzen, jagen

10. ein Auto etc lenken, steuern, fahren:

drive one’s own car seinen eigenen Wagen fahren

11. (im Auto etc) fahren, befördern, bringen ( alle:

to nach)

12. TECH (an)treiben:

driven by steam mit Dampf betrieben, mit Dampfantrieb

13. zielbewusst durchführen:

drive a good bargain ein Geschäft zu einem vorteilhaften Abschluss bringen;

drive a hard bargain

a) hart verhandeln,

b) überzogene Forderungen stellen;

he drives a hard bargain auch mit ihm ist nicht gut Kirschen essen

14. ein Gewerbe (zielbewusst) (be)treiben

15. einen Tunnel etc bohren, vortreiben

16. besonders Tennis, Golf: den Ball driven

C v/i

1. (dahin)treiben, (dahin)getrieben werden:

drive before the wind vor dem Wind treiben

2. rasen, brausen, jagen, stürmen

3. a) (Auto) fahren, chauffieren, einen oder den Wagen steuern

b) kutschieren:

can you drive? können Sie (Auto) fahren?;

he drove into a wall er fuhr gegen eine Mauer;

drive above the speed limit das Tempolimit überschreiten

4. (spazieren) fahren

5. sich gut etc fahren lassen:

my car drives easily

6. besonders Tennis, Golf: driven, einen Treibschlag spielen

7. zielen (at auf akk): → let¹ Bes Redew

8. ab-, hinzielen ( beide:

at auf akk):

what is he driving at? worauf will er hinaus?, was meint oder will er eigentlich?

9. schwer arbeiten (at an dat)

* * *
1. noun
1) Fahrt, die

a nine-hour drive, a drive of nine hours — eine neunstündige Autofahrt

have a long drive to work — eine lange Anfahrt zur Arbeit haben

2) (street) Straße, die

3) (private road) Zufahrt, die; (entrance to large building) Auffahrt, die

4) (energy to achieve) Tatkraft, die

5) (Commerc., Polit., etc.): (vigorous campaign) Aktion, die; Kampagne, die

export/sales/recruiting drive — Export- / Verkaufs- / Anwerbekampagne, die

6) (Psych.) Trieb, der

7) (Motor Veh.): (position of steering wheel)

left-hand/right-hand drive — Links-/Rechtssteuerung od. -lenkung, die

be left-hand drive — Linkssteuerung haben

8) (Motor Veh., Mech. Engin.): (transmission of power) Antrieb, der

front-wheel/rear-wheel drive — Front-/Heckantrieb, der
2. transitive verb,
drove, driven

1) fahren [Auto, Lkw, Route, Strecke, Fahrgast]; lenken [Kutsche, Streitwagen]; treiben [Tier]

2) (as job)

drive a lorry/train — Lkw-Fahrer/Lokomotivführer sein

3) (compel to move) vertreiben

drive somebody out of or from a place/country — jemanden von einem Ort/aus einem Land vertreiben

4) (chase, urge on) treiben [Vieh, Wild]

5) (fig.)

drive somebody to something — jemanden zu etwas treiben

drive somebody out of his mind or wits — jemanden in den Wahnsinn treiben

6) [Wind, Wasser:] treiben

be driven off course — abgetrieben werden

7) (cause to penetrate)

drive something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) treiben

8) (power) antreiben [Mühle, Maschine]

be steam-driven or driven by steam — dampfgetrieben sein

9) (incite to action) antreiben

drive oneself [too] hard — sich [zu sehr] schinden
3. intransitive verb,
drove, driven

1) fahren

in Great Britain we drive on the left — bei uns in Großbritannien ist Linksverkehr

drive at 30 m.p.h. — mit 50 km/h fahren

learn to drive — [Auto]fahren lernen; den Führerschein machen (ugs.)

can you drive? — kannst du Auto fahren?

2) (go by car) mit dem [eigenen] Auto fahren

3) [Hagelkörner, Wellen:] schlagen

clouds were driving across the sky — Wolken jagten über den Himmel

Phrasal Verbs:

- drive at

- drive away

- drive back

- drive off

- drive on

- drive out

- drive up

* * *

(computers) n.

Laufwerk -e n. n.

Antrieb -e m.

Aussteuerung f.

Drang ¨-e m.

Fahrt -en f.

Fahrweg -e m.

Schwung -¨e m.

Steuerung f.

Trieb -e m.

Triebwerk n. (sink) into the ground expr.

in den Boden bohren ausdr. v.

(§ p.,p.p.: drove, driven)

= ansteuern v.

antreiben v.

fahren v.

(§ p.,pp.: fuhr, ist/hat gefahren)

lenken v.

treiben v.

(§ p.,pp.: trieb, getrieben)

English-german dictionary > drive
7 POWER

1) Компьютерная техника: Priority Output Writer, Execution processors and input Readers

2) Американизм: Promoting Outstanding Work Ethics And Responsibility

3) Военный термин: Prepare Organize Work Evaluate And Rethink

4) Техника: performance optimization with enhanced RISC architecture

5) Религия: People Organized With Evangelistic Results

6) Вычислительная техника: Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC, Power Optimization With Enhanced RISC (chip, IBM, Apple, Motorola)

7) СМИ: Prepare Organize Write Edit And Rewrite

8) Деловая лексика: People Organized To Win Employment Rights, Perspectives On Work Education And Responsibility, Productivity Optimization Workflow Empowerment Reengineering

9) Образование: Peers Offering Wellness Education Resources

10) Океанография: PROFS Operational Weather Education and Research

11) Расширение файла: Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC (IBM)

12) Должность: Providing Oneself With Employment Resources

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > POWER
8 Power

1) Компьютерная техника: Priority Output Writer, Execution processors and input Readers

2) Американизм: Promoting Outstanding Work Ethics And Responsibility

3) Военный термин: Prepare Organize Work Evaluate And Rethink

4) Техника: performance optimization with enhanced RISC architecture

5) Религия: People Organized With Evangelistic Results

6) Вычислительная техника: Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC, Power Optimization With Enhanced RISC (chip, IBM, Apple, Motorola)

7) СМИ: Prepare Organize Write Edit And Rewrite

8) Деловая лексика: People Organized To Win Employment Rights, Perspectives On Work Education And Responsibility, Productivity Optimization Workflow Empowerment Reengineering

9) Образование: Peers Offering Wellness Education Resources

10) Океанография: PROFS Operational Weather Education and Research

11) Расширение файла: Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC (IBM)

12) Должность: Providing Oneself With Employment Resources

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Power
9 power

1) Компьютерная техника: Priority Output Writer, Execution processors and input Readers

2) Американизм: Promoting Outstanding Work Ethics And Responsibility

3) Военный термин: Prepare Organize Work Evaluate And Rethink

4) Техника: performance optimization with enhanced RISC architecture

5) Религия: People Organized With Evangelistic Results

6) Вычислительная техника: Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC, Power Optimization With Enhanced RISC (chip, IBM, Apple, Motorola)

7) СМИ: Prepare Organize Write Edit And Rewrite

8) Деловая лексика: People Organized To Win Employment Rights, Perspectives On Work Education And Responsibility, Productivity Optimization Workflow Empowerment Reengineering

9) Образование: Peers Offering Wellness Education Resources

10) Океанография: PROFS Operational Weather Education and Research

11) Расширение файла: Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC (IBM)

12) Должность: Providing Oneself With Employment Resources

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > power
10 groupware

Gen Mgt

software that enables a group whose members are based in different locations to work together and share information. Groupware enables collective working by providing communal diaries, address books, work planners, bulletin boards, newsletters, and so on, in electronic format on a closed network. This network may take the form of an intranet. Groupware can be used to facilitate collaborative project management or to coordinate any kind of work involving input from more than one person, and is particularly useful to those working in a virtual team.

The ultimate business dictionary > groupware
11 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
12 long

I
1. loŋ adjective
1) (measuring a great distance from one end to the other: a long journey; a long road; long legs.) largo

2) (having a great period of time from the first moment to the last: The book took a long time to read; a long conversation; a long delay.) largo

3) (measuring a certain amount in distance or time: The wire is two centimetres long; The television programme was just over an hour long.) de largo, de duración

4) (away, doing or using something etc for a great period of time: Will you be long?) tarde

5) (reaching to a great distance in space or time: She has a long memory) bueno

2. adverb
1) (a great period of time: This happened long before you were born.) mucho tiempo

2) (for a great period of time: Have you been waiting long?) mucho tiempo

•

- longways
- long-distance
- long-drawn-out
- longhand
- long house
- long jump
- long-playing record
- long-range
- long-sighted
- long-sightedness
- long-suffering
- long-winded
- as long as / so long as
- before very long
- before long
- in the long run
- the long and the short of it
- no longer
- so long!
II loŋ verb
((often with for) to wish very much: He longed to go home; I am longing for a drink.) anhelar, ansiar

- longing
- longingly

long¹ adj largo

she has long nails tiene las uñas largas

a long journey un largo viaje

the pool is 50 metres long la piscina hace 50 metros de largo

a long time mucho tiempo

it takes a long time to climb the mountain se tarda mucho en escalar la montaña

a long way lejos

long² adv

1. mucho tiempo

Goya died long ago Goya murió hace mucho tiempo

I won't be long no tardaré mucho

have you been waiting long? ¿hace mucho que esperas?

2. ya

he couldn't wait any longer and he left ya no podía esperar más y se marchó

she doesn't work here any longer ya no trabaja aquí

as long as / so long as con tal de que

I'll tell you the secret as long as you tell nobody else te diré el secreto con tal de que no se lo digas a nadie más

how long? ¿cuánto tiempo?

how long does it take you to do your homework? ¿cuánto tardas en hacer los deberes?

how long have you lived here? ¿cuánto hace que vives aquí?

long³ vb ansiar / desear

I'm longing to see you again estoy deseando volver a verte

long

tr['lɒŋgɪtjʊːd]

abbreviation

1 ( longitude) longitud nombre femenino; (abbreviation) long

————————

long

tr[lɒŋ]

adjective

1 largo,-a

■ how long was the film? ¿cuánto duró la película?

■ the garden is 30 metres long el jardín hace 30 metros de largo

■ we were a long way from the beach estábamos lejos de la playa

■ it took him a long time to finish tardó mucho en acabar

adverb

1 mucho tiempo

■ how long have you been waiting? ¿cuánto hace que esperas?

■ it wasn't long before they returned no tardaron en volver

noun

1 lo largo

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as long as (while) mientras 2 (if) si, con tal que

(for) a long time, for long mucho tiempo

in the long run a la larga

long ago hace mucho tiempo

no longer / not any longer ya no

■ he doesn't live here any longer ya no vive aquí

not by a long chalk / not by a long shot familiar ni por mucho, ni de lejos

so long SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL familiar (goodbye) hasta la vista

so long as→ link=as as{ long as

the long and the short of it is... en resumidas cuentas...

to be a bit long in the tooth familiar tener años

to pull a long face poner cara larga

long jump salto de longitud

long johns calzones nombre masculino plural largos

long ton tonelada (equivale a 2240 libras o 1016,047 kilogramos)

long vacation SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL vacaciones nombre femenino plural de verano

long wave onda larga

————————

long

tr[lɒŋ]

phrase to long to do STH

1 tener muchos deseos de hacer algo

■ he's longing to see you tiene muchas ganas de verte

long ['lɔŋ] vi

1)

to long for : añorar, desear, anhelar

2)

to long to : anhelar, estar deseando

they longed to see her: estaban deseando verla, tenían muchas ganas de verla

long adv

1) : mucho, mucho tiempo

it didn't take long: no llevó mucho tiempo

will it last long?: ¿va a durar mucho?

2)

all day long : todo el día

3)

as long asor so long as : mientras, con tal que

4)

long before : mucho antes

5)

so long! : ¡hasta luego!, ¡adiós!

long adj, longer ['lɔngər] ; longest ['lɔŋgəst]

1) (indicating length)) : largo

the dress is too long: el vestido es demasiado largo

a long way from: bastante lejos de

in the long run: a la larga

2) (indicating time)) : largo, prolongado

a long illness: una enfermedad prolongada

a long walk: un paseo largo

at long last: por fin

3)

to be long on : estar cargado de

long n

1)

before long : dentro de poco

2)

the long and the short : lo esencial, lo fundamental

long

adj.

• extenso, -a adj.

• largo, -a adj.

• luengo, -a adj.

• prolongado, -a adj.

adv.

• largamente adv.

• mucho tiempo adv.

n.

• mangote s.m.

v.

• anhelar v.

• suspirar v.

I lɔːŋ, lɒŋ
adjective longer 'lɔːŋgər, 'lɒŋgə(r), longest 'lɔːŋgəst, 'lɒŋgɪst

1)

a) ( in space) <distance/hair/legs> largo

how long do you want the skirt? — ¿cómo quieres la falda de larga?

the wall is 200 m long — el muro mide 200 m de largo

it's a long way to Tulsa from here — Tulsa queda bastante lejos de aquí

a long drink — un trago largo

the long and the short of it: the long and the short of it is that we have no money — en resumidas cuentas or en una palabra: no tenemos dinero

b) ( extensive) <book/letter/list> largo

the book is over 300 pages long — el libro tiene más de 300 páginas

2) ( in time) <struggle/investigation> largo; <period/illness> prolongado, largo

how long was your flight? — ¿cuánto duró el vuelo?

two months isn't long enough — dos meses no son suficientes or no es tiempo suficiente

she's been gone a long time/while — hace tiempo/rato que se fue

he works long hours — trabaja muchas horas

II

adverb -er, -est

1) ( in time)

are you going to stay long — ¿te vas a quedar mucho tiempo?

how much longer must we wait? — ¿hasta cuándo vamos a tener que esperar?

how long did it take you to get there? — ¿cuánto tardaste en llegar?, ¿cuánto tiempo te llevó el viaje?

how long have you been living here? — ¿cuánto hace que vives aquí?

I didn't have long enough to answer all the questions — no me alcanzó el tiempo para contestar todas las preguntas

people live longer now — ahora la gente vive más (años)

it won't be long before they get here — no tardarán en llegar

sit down, I won't be long — siéntate, enseguida vuelvo (or termino etc)

all day long — todo el día

not long afterwards — poco después

long ago — hace (ya) mucho tiempo

it has long since been lost — lleva perdido desde hace tiempo

not long ago o since — no hace mucho

a long forgotten hero — un héroe olvidado desde hace tiempo

2)

a) (in phrases)

before long: you'll be an aunt before long dentro de poco serás tía; before long they had bought more offices poco después ya habían comprado más oficinas; for long: she wasn't gone for long no estuvo fuera mucho tiempo; no longer, not any longer: I can't stand it any longer ya no aguanto más; they no longer live here — ya no viven aquí

b)

as long as, so long as — (as conj) ( for the period) mientras; ( providing that) con tal de que (+ subj), siempre que (+ subj)

I'll remember it as o so long as I live — lo recordaré mientras viva

for as long as I can remember — desde que tengo memoria

you can go so o as long as you're back by 12 — puedes ir con tal de que or siempre que vuelvas antes de las 12

III

intransitive verb

to long to + INF — estar* deseando + inf, anhelar + inf (liter)

Phrasal Verbs:

- long for

IV

(= longitude) Long

I [lɒŋ] (compar longer) (superl longest)
1. ADJ

1) (in size) [dress, hair, journey] largo

it's six metres long — tiene seis metros de largo

it's a very long book — es un libro muy largo

he has long legs — tiene las piernas largas

• it's a long distance from the school — está (muy) lejos del colegio

• to make or pull a long face — poner cara larga

• to get longer — [queue] hacerse más largo; [hair] crecer (más)

• how long is it? — (table, hallway, piece of material, stick) ¿cuánto mide de largo?; (more precisely) ¿qué longitud tiene?; (river) ¿qué longitud tiene?

how long is her hair? — ¿cómo tiene el pelo de largo?

• to be long in the leg — [trousers] tener piernas largas

• the speech was long on rhetoric and short on details — el discurso tenía mucha retórica y pocos detalles

- the long arm of the law

- a list as long as your arm

- not by a long chalk

- he's a bit long in the tooth
suit 1., 3)
2) (in distance)

it's a long way — está lejos

it's a long way to the shops — las tiendas están lejos

we walked a long way — caminamos mucho

3) (in time) [film] largo; [visit] prolongado; [wait] largo, prolongado

two hours long — de dos horas

the course is six months long — el curso es de seis meses, el curso dura seis meses

a long walk — un paseo largo

a long holiday — unas vacaciones largas

• it has been a long day — (fig) ha sido un día muy atareado

• there will be long delays — habrá grandes retrasos, habrá retrasos considerables

• he took a long drink of water — se bebió un vaso grande de agua

• the days are getting longer — los días se están alargando

• how long is the film? — ¿cuánto (tiempo) dura la película?

how long are the holidays? — ¿cuánto duran las vacaciones?

• to be long in doing sth — tardar en hacer algo

the reply was not long in coming — la respuesta no tardó en llegar

• it will be a long job — será un trabajo que llevará mucho tiempo

• at long last — por fin

• to take a long look at sth — mirar algo detenidamente

• he has a long memory — (fig) es de los que no perdonan fácilmente

• in the long run — (fig) a la larga

• a long time ago — hace mucho tiempo

it takes a long time — lleva mucho tiempo

I've been waiting a long time — llevo esperando mucho tiempo

long time no see! * — ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte!

• it's a good place to go for a long weekend — es un buen sitio para ir durante un fin de semana largo

- he's not long for this world
term 1., 1), long-term, view 1., 5)
4) (Ling) [vowel] largo

2. ADV

1) (=a long time)

don't be long! — ¡vuelve pronto!

I shan't be long — (in finishing) termino pronto, no tardo; (in returning) vuelvo pronto, no tardo

will you be long? — ¿vas a tardar mucho?

we didn't stay long — nos quedamos poco tiempo

he hasn't been gone long — no hace mucho que se ha ido

have you been waiting long? — ¿hace mucho que espera?

I have long believed that... — creo desde hace tiempo que..., hace tiempo que creo que...

this method has long been used in industry — este método se viene usando desde hace mucho tiempo en la industria

• long after he died — mucho tiempo después de morir

he died long after his wife — murió mucho tiempo después que su mujer

• long ago — hace mucho (tiempo)

how long ago was it? — ¿cuánto tiempo hace de eso?

as long ago as 1930 — ya en 1930

not long ago — no hace mucho (tiempo)

• long before — mucho antes

not long before — poco antes

long before now — hace mucho tiempo

long before you came — mucho antes de que llegaras

not long before the war — poco antes de la guerra

not long before his wife died — poco antes de que muriera su mujer

they left before long — se marcharon muy pronto

• I only had long enough to buy a paper — solo tuve tiempo para comprar un periódico

• we won't stay for long — nos quedamos un rato nada más

are you going away for long? — ¿te vas para mucho tiempo?

he hesitated, but not for long — dudó, pero solo por un instante

"are you still in London?" - "yes, but not for much longer" — -¿todavía estás en Londres? -si, pero por poco tiempo ya

• how long will you be? — (in finishing) ¿cuánto (tiempo) tardarás?; (in returning) ¿cuánto tiempo te quedarás?

how long have you been here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas aquí?

how long will it take? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevará?

how long did he stay? — ¿cuánto tiempo se quedó?

how long have you been learning Spanish? — ¿desde cuándo llevas aprendiendo español?

how long is it since you saw her? — ¿cuánto tiempo hace que no la ves?

• it didn't last long — fue cosa de unos pocos minutos or días etc

• to live long — tener una vida larga

women live longer than men — las mujeres son más longevas que los hombres

he hasn't long to live — no le queda mucho de vida

long live the King! — ¡viva el rey!

• it's not long since he died, he died not long since — no hace mucho que murió, murió hace poco

long since dead — muerto hace mucho

• so long! — (esp US) * ¡hasta luego!

• it won't take long — no tardará mucho

it didn't take him long to realize that... — no tardó en darse cuenta de que...

• he talked long about politics — habló largamente de política

2)

longer — más tiempo

we stayed longer than you — quedamos más tiempo que vosotros

wait a little longer — espera un poco más

how much longer can you stay? — ¿hasta cuándo podéis quedaros?

how much longer do we have to wait? — ¿hasta cuándo tenemos que esperar?

two hours longer — dos horas más

• I can't stay any longer — no me puedo quedar por más tiempo

I can't stand it any longer — ya no lo aguanto más

• no longer — ya no

he no longer comes — ya no viene

3)

longest: six months at the longest — seis meses, como máximo or como mucho

4)

as long as, so long as — (=while) mientras

as long as the war lasts — mientras dure la guerra

as long as I live — mientras viva

stay (for) as long as you like — quédate hasta cuando quieras

as long as (is) necessary — el tiempo que haga falta, lo que haga falta

5)

as long as, so long as — (=provided that) siempre que + subjun

you can borrow it as long as John doesn't mind — lo puedes tomar prestado siempre que a John no le importe or si a John no le importa

6) (=through)

• all day long — todo el (santo) día

• all night long — toda la noche

• all summer long — todo el verano

3. N

1)

the long and the short of it is that... — (fig) en resumidas cuentas, es que..., concretamente, es que...

2) longs (Econ) valores mpl a largo plazo

4.

CPD

long division N — (Math) división f larga

long drink N — refresco m, bebida f no alcohólica

long johns NPL — calzoncillos mpl largos

long jump N — salto m de longitud

long jumper N — saltador(a) m / f de longitud

long shot N — (Cine) toma f a distancia; (in race) desconocido(-a) m / f

it's a long shot * — dudo que resulte

- not by a long shot

long sight N — presbicia f, hipermetropía f

to have long sight — ser présbita

the long term N —

in or over the long term — a largo plazo

long trousers NPL — (as opposed to shorts) pantalones mpl largos

the long vacation N, the long vac * N — (Brit) (Univ) las vacaciones de verano

long wave N — (Rad) onda f larga; (used as adj) de onda larga

II

[lɒŋ]
VI
to long for sth — anhelar algo, desear algo

to long for sb — suspirar por algn, añorar a algn

to long to do sth — tener muchas ganas de hacer algo, estar deseando hacer algo

to long for sb to do sth — desear que algn haga algo

* * *

I [lɔːŋ, lɒŋ]
adjective longer ['lɔːŋgər, 'lɒŋgə(r)], longest ['lɔːŋgəst, 'lɒŋgɪst]

1)

a) ( in space) <distance/hair/legs> largo

how long do you want the skirt? — ¿cómo quieres la falda de larga?

the wall is 200 m long — el muro mide 200 m de largo

it's a long way to Tulsa from here — Tulsa queda bastante lejos de aquí

a long drink — un trago largo

the long and the short of it: the long and the short of it is that we have no money — en resumidas cuentas or en una palabra: no tenemos dinero

b) ( extensive) <book/letter/list> largo

the book is over 300 pages long — el libro tiene más de 300 páginas

2) ( in time) <struggle/investigation> largo; <period/illness> prolongado, largo

how long was your flight? — ¿cuánto duró el vuelo?

two months isn't long enough — dos meses no son suficientes or no es tiempo suficiente

she's been gone a long time/while — hace tiempo/rato que se fue

he works long hours — trabaja muchas horas

II

adverb -er, -est

1) ( in time)

are you going to stay long — ¿te vas a quedar mucho tiempo?

how much longer must we wait? — ¿hasta cuándo vamos a tener que esperar?

how long did it take you to get there? — ¿cuánto tardaste en llegar?, ¿cuánto tiempo te llevó el viaje?

how long have you been living here? — ¿cuánto hace que vives aquí?

I didn't have long enough to answer all the questions — no me alcanzó el tiempo para contestar todas las preguntas

people live longer now — ahora la gente vive más (años)

it won't be long before they get here — no tardarán en llegar

sit down, I won't be long — siéntate, enseguida vuelvo (or termino etc)

all day long — todo el día

not long afterwards — poco después

long ago — hace (ya) mucho tiempo

it has long since been lost — lleva perdido desde hace tiempo

not long ago o since — no hace mucho

a long forgotten hero — un héroe olvidado desde hace tiempo

2)

a) (in phrases)

before long: you'll be an aunt before long dentro de poco serás tía; before long they had bought more offices poco después ya habían comprado más oficinas; for long: she wasn't gone for long no estuvo fuera mucho tiempo; no longer, not any longer: I can't stand it any longer ya no aguanto más; they no longer live here — ya no viven aquí

b)

as long as, so long as — (as conj) ( for the period) mientras; ( providing that) con tal de que (+ subj), siempre que (+ subj)

I'll remember it as o so long as I live — lo recordaré mientras viva

for as long as I can remember — desde que tengo memoria

you can go so o as long as you're back by 12 — puedes ir con tal de que or siempre que vuelvas antes de las 12

III

intransitive verb

to long to + INF — estar* deseando + inf, anhelar + inf (liter)

Phrasal Verbs:

- long for

IV

(= longitude) Long

English-spanish dictionary > long
13 unpaid

adjective

1) (not yet paid) unbezahlt; nicht bezahlt

unpaid for — nicht bezahlt

2) (not providing or receiving a salary) unbezahlt [Arbeit, Stelle, Freiwilliger usw.]; (honorary) ehrenamtlich

unpaid leave — unbezahlter Urlaub

* * *

un·paid

[ʌnˈpeɪd]

adj inv

1. (not remunerated) unbezahlt

to take \unpaid leave unbezahlten Urlaub nehmen

2. (not paid) unbezahlt

an \unpaid invoice eine ausstehende [o unbezahlte] Rechnung

* * *
[ʌn'peɪd]
1. adj
unbezahlt
2. adv

to work unpaid — unbezahlt or ohne Bezahlung arbeiten

* * *

unpaid adj

1. unbezahlt, noch nicht bezahlt, rückständig (Schuld etc)

2. WIRTSCH noch nicht eingezahlt (Kapital)

3. unbezahlt, ehrenamtlich (Stellung)

* * *

adjective

1) (not yet paid) unbezahlt; nicht bezahlt

unpaid for — nicht bezahlt

2) (not providing or receiving a salary) unbezahlt [Arbeit, Stelle, Freiwilliger usw.]; (honorary) ehrenamtlich

unpaid leave — unbezahlter Urlaub

* * *

adj.

unbezahlt adj.

English-german dictionary > unpaid
14 BIOS

['baios] n. shkurtesë nga b asic i nput o utput s ystem ( BIOS) sistemi themelor për hyrje-dalje ( informatikë)

What is BIOS?

BIOS is an acronym for Basic Input/Output System. It is the boot firmware program on a PC, and controls the computer from the time you start it up until the operating system takes over. When you turn on a PC, the BIOS first conducts a basic hardware check, called a Power-On Self Test (POST), to determine whether all of the attachments are present and working. Then it loads the operating system into your computer's random access memory, or RAM.

The BIOS also manages data flow between the computer's operating system and attached devices such as the hard disk, video card, keyboard, mouse, and printer.

The BIOS stores the date, the time, and your system configuration information in a battery-powered, non-volatile memory chip, called a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) after its manufacturing process.

Although the BIOS is standardized and should rarely require updating, some older BIOS chips may not accommodate new hardware devices. Before the early 1990s, you couldn't update the BIOS without removing and replacing its ROM chip. Contemporary BIOS resides on memory chips such as flash chips or EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), so that you can update the BIOS yourself if necessary.

For detailed information about BIOS updates, visit:

What is firmware?

Firmware consists of programs installed semi-permanently into memory, using various types of programmable ROM chips, such as PROMS, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and flash chips.

Firmware is non-volatile, and will remain in memory after you turn the system off.

Often, the term firmware is used to refer specifically to boot firmware, which controls a computer from the time that it is turned on until the primary operating system has taken over. Boot firmware's main function is to initialize the hardware and then to boot (load and execute) the primary operating system. On PCs, the boot firmware is usually referred to as the BIOS.

What is the difference between memory and disk storage?

Memory and disk storage both refer to internal storage space in a computer.

The term memory usually means RAM (Random Access Memory). To refer to hard drive storage, the terms disk space or storage are usually used.

Typically, computers have much less memory than disk space, because RAM is much more expensive per megabyte than a hard disk. Today, a typical desktop computer might come with 512MB of RAM, and a 40 gigabyte hard disk.

Virtual memory is disk space that has been designated to act like RAM.

Computers also contain a small amount of ROM, or read-only memory, containing permanent or semi-permanent (firmware) instructions for checking hardware and starting up the computer. On a PC, this is called the BIOS.

What is RAM?

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. RAM provides space for your computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU (central processing unit). When people refer to a computer's memory, they usually mean its RAM.

New computers typically come with at least 256 megabytes (MB) of RAM installed, and can be upgraded to 512MB or even a gigabyte or more.

If you add more RAM to your computer, you reduce the number of times your CPU must read data from your hard disk. This usually allows your computer to work considerably faster, as RAM is many times faster than a hard disk.

RAM is volatile, so data stored in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. As soon as you turn the computer off, the data stored in RAM disappears.

When you turn your computer on again, your computer's boot firmware (called BIOS on a PC) uses instructions stored semi-permanently in ROM chips to read your operating system and related files from the disk and load them back into RAM.

Note: On a PC, different parts of RAM may be more or less easily accessible to programs. For example, cache RAM is made up of very high-speed RAM chips which sit between the CPU and main RAM, storing (i.e., caching) memory accesses by the CPU. Cache RAM helps to alleviate the gap between the speed of a CPU's megahertz rating and the ability of RAM to respond and deliver data. It reduces how often the CPU must wait for data from main memory.

What is ROM?

ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory. It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain.

Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing the boot firmware. This consists of a few kilobytes of code that tell the computer what to do when it starts up, e.g., running hardware diagnostics and loading the operating system into RAM. On a PC, the boot firmware is called the BIOS.

Originally, ROM was actually read-only. To update the programs in ROM, you had to remove and physically replace your ROM chips. Contemporary versions of ROM allow some limited rewriting, so you can usually upgrade firmware such as the BIOS by using installation software. Rewritable ROM chips include PROMs (programmable read-only memory), EPROMs (erasable read-only memory), EEPROMs (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory), and a common variation of EEPROMs called flash memory.

What is an ACPI BIOS?

ACPI is an acronym that stands for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, a power management specification developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba. ACPI support is built into Windows 98 and later operating systems. ACPI is designed to allow the operating system to control the amount of power provided to each device or peripheral attached to the computer system. This provides much more stable and efficient power management and makes it possible for the operating system to turn off selected devices, such as a monitor or CD-ROM drive, when they are not in use.

ACPI should help eliminate computer lockup on entering power saving or sleep mode. This will allow for improved power management, especially in portable computer systems where reducing power consumption is critical for extending battery life. ACPI also allows for the computer to be turned on and off by external devices, so that the touch of a mouse or the press of a key will "wake up" the computer. This new feature of ACPI, called OnNow, allows a computer to enter a sleep mode that uses very little power.

In addition to providing power management, ACPI also evolves the existing Plug and Play BIOS (PnP BIOS) to make adding and configuring new hardware devices easier. This includes support for legacy non-PnP devices and improved support for combining older devices with ACPI hardware, allowing both to work in a more efficient manner in the same computer system. The end result of this is to make the BIOS more PnP compatible.

What is CMOS?

CMOS, short for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, is a low-power, low-heat semiconductor technology used in contemporary microchips, especially useful for battery-powered devices. The specific technology is explained in detail at:

http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213860,00.html

Most commonly, though, the term CMOS is used to refer to small battery-powered configuration chips on system boards of personal computers, where the BIOS stores the date, the time, and system configuration details.

How do I enter the Setup program in my BIOS?

Warning: Your BIOS Setup program is very powerful. An incorrect setting could cause your computer not to boot properly. You should make sure you understand what a setting does before you change it.

You can usually run Setup by pressing a special function key or key combination soon after turning on the computer, during its power-on self test (POST), before the operating system loads (or before the operating system's splash screen shows). During POST, the BIOS usually displays a prompt such as:

Press F2 to enter Setup

Many newer computers display a brief screen, usually black and white, with the computer manufacturer's logo during POST.

Entering the designated keystroke will take you into the BIOS Setup. Common keystrokes to enter the BIOS Setup are F1, F2, F10, and Del.

On some computers, such as some Gateway or Compaq computers, graphics appear during the POST, and the BIOS information is hidden. You must press Esc to make these graphics disappear. Your monitor will then display the correct keystroke to enter.

Note: If you press the key too early or too often, the BIOS may display an error message. To avoid this, wait about five seconds after turning the power on, and then press the key once or twice.

What's the difference between BIOS and CMOS?

Many people use the terms BIOS (basic input/output system) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) to refer to the same thing. Though they are related, they are distinct and separate components of a computer. The BIOS is the program that starts a computer up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time, and system configuration details it needs to start the computer.

The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS is firmware, which means it cannot store variable data.

CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use the term to refer to the chip that stores variable data for startup. A computer's BIOS will initialize and control components like the floppy and hard drive controllers and the computer's hardware clock, but the specific parameters for startup and initializing components are stored in the CMOS.

English-Albanian dictionary > BIOS
15 Hofstede, Geert H.

(b. 1928) Gen Mgt

Dutch academic and business executive. Identified four work-related dimensions of national culture, thus providing a framework for understanding cultural differences within business. His work, first published in Culture’s Consequences (1980), has been extended by Fons Trompenaars.

After spending time working in factories as a foreman and plant manager, Hofstede became chief psychologist on the international staff of IBM, and then joined IMEDE, the Swiss business school, in 1971. He has also worked at the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management in Brussels and at the University of Limburg in Maastricht, where he is now emeritus professor of organizational anthropology and international management.

The ultimate business dictionary > Hofstede, Geert H.
16 Johnson, Eldridge Reeves

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

[br]

b. 18 February 1867 Wilmington, Delaware, USA

d. 14 November 1945 Moorestown, New Jersey, USA

[br]

American industrialist, founder and owner of the Victor Talking Machine Company; developer of many basic constructions in mechanical sound recording and the reproduction and manufacture of gramophone records.

[br]

He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.

[br]

Bibliography

Johnson's patents were many, and some were fundamental to the development of the gramophone, such as: US patent no. 650,843 (in particular a recording lathe); US patent nos. 655,556, 655,556 and 679,896 (soundboxes); US patent no. 681,918 (making the original conductive for electroplating); US patent no. 739,318 (shellac record with paper label).

Further Reading

Mrs E.R.Johnson, 1913, "Eldridge Reeves Johnson (1867–1945): Industrial pioneer", manuscript (an account of his early experience).

E.Hutto, Jr, "Emile Berliner, Eldridge Johnson, and the Victor Talking Machine Company", Journal of AES 25(10/11):666–73 (a good but brief account based on company information).

E.R.Fenimore Johnson, 1974, His Master's Voice was Eldridge R.Johnson, Milford, Del.

(a very personal biography by his only son).

GB-N

Biographical history of technology > Johnson, Eldridge Reeves
17 Steers, Thomas

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering, Ports and shipping

[br]

b. c. 1672 Kent, England

d. buried November 1750 Liverpool, England

[br]

English dock and canal engineer.

[br]

An Army officer serving at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 and later in the Low Countries, Steers thus gained experience in water control and development, canals and drainage. After his return to England he was associated with George Sorocold in the construction of Howland Great Dock, Rotherhithe, London, opened in 1699 and the first wet dock built in England. He was again associated with Sorocold in planning the first of Liverpool's wet docks and subsequently was responsible for its construction. On its completion, he became Dockmaster in 1717.

In 1712 he surveyed the River Douglas for navigation, and received authorization to make it navigable from the Ribble estuary to Wigan in 1720. Although work was started by Steers, the undertaking was hit by the collapse of the South Sea Bubble and Steers was no longer associated with it when it was restarted in 1738. In 1721 he proposed making the Mersey and Irwell navigable.

In 1736 he surveyed and engineered the first summit-level canal in the British Isles, between Portadown and Newry in Ulster, thus providing through-water communication between Lough Neagh and the Irish Sea. The canal was completed in 1741. He also carried out a survey of the river Boyne. Also in 1736, he surveyed the Worsley Brook in South Lancashire to provide navigation from Worsley to the Mersey. This was done on behalf of Scroop, 1st Duke of Bridgewater; an Act was obtained in 1737, but no work was started on the scheme at that time. It was left to Francis Egerton, the 3rd Duke, to initiate the Bridgewater Canal to provide water transport for coal from the Worsley pits direct to Manchester. In 1739 Steers was elected Mayor of Liverpool. The following year, jointly with John Eyes of Liverpool, he surveyed a possible navigation along the Calder from its junction with the Aire \& Calder at Wakefield to the Hebble and so through to Halifax, but, owing to opposition at the time, the construction of the Calder \& Hebble Navigation had to wait until after Steers's death. In the opinion of Professor A.W. Skempton, Steers was the most distinguished civil engineer before Smeaton's time.

[br]

Further Reading

Henry Peet, 1932, Thomas Steers. The Engineer of Liverpool's First Dock; reprinted with App. from Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 82:163– 242.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Steers, Thomas
18 fixed break

1) общ. фиксированный перерыв

Office personnel who aren't granted fixed break times are allowed to consume refreshments at their place of work providing the total time doesn't exceed 10 minutes. — Работникам, для которых не установлены фиксированные перерывы (на обед), разрешается перекусывать на рабочем месте, при условии, что общее потраченное время не превысит 10 минут.

2) рекл. закрепленная рекламная пауза* (рекламная вставка в эфире, которая, по настоянию рекламодателя, должна иметь место в определенный день и в определенное время)

Syn:

fixed position 2), fixed spot

Ant:

commercial break, fixed location announcement

See:

commercial break, fixed location announcement

Англо-русский экономический словарь > fixed break
19 professional employer organization

сокр. PEO упр. профессиональный наниматель*, компания по лизингу рабочей силы* (фирма, которая сдает рабочую силу в аренду другим организациям; организации получают постоянных сотрудников, но не занимаются какими-л. кадровыми вопросами; все вопросы, касающиеся заработной платы, налоговых выплат, льгот, отчислений в пенсионные и другие фонды и т. п., решает профессиональный наниматель)

Some small businesses decide to "lease" employees from a professional employer organization, which handles not just placement services but other human resources services as well, such as maintaining all employee records, providing benefits and handling tax withholding and payroll. Under such an arrangement, employees are permanent — but they work, in a sense, for two companies, the PEO and the business whose tasks they perform. — Некоторые мелкие фирмы решают "арендовать" работников у организации – профессионального нанимателя, которая предоставляет не только услуги по подбору персонала, но также и другие услуги, связанные с управлением человеческими ресурсами: создание и ведение картотеки персонала, обеспечение пособий и льгот, управление процессом удержания налогов, выплата заработной платы. При данной системе работники нанимаются на постоянной основе, но, в некотором смысле, одновременно работают на две компании: на организацию – профессионального нанимателя и предприятие, задания которого они выполняют.

Syn:

employee leasing company

See:

employee leasing, outsourcing, staffing agency

Англо-русский экономический словарь > professional employer organization
20 drive

1. past tense - drove; verb
1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) kjøre (bil)

2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) kjøre

3) (to force or urge along: Two men and a dog were driving a herd of cattle across the road.) drive, jage

4) (to hit hard: He drove a nail into the door; He drove a golf-ball from the tee.) slå, drive ned, smelle til

5) (to cause to work by providing the necessary power: This mill is driven by water.) drive(s)
2. noun
1) (a journey in a car, especially for pleasure: We decided to go for a drive.) kjøretur

2) (a private road leading from a gate to a house etc: The drive is lined with trees.) inn-/oppkjørsel

3) (energy and enthusiasm: I think he has the drive needed for this job.) handlekraft, pågangsmot, driv

4) (a special effort: We're having a drive to save electricity.) kampanje, framstøt

5) (in sport, a hard stroke (with a golf-club, a cricket bat etc).) drive, slag

6) ((computers) a disk drive.) diskettstasjon; drev

•

- driver
- driver's license
- drive-in
- drive-through
- driving licence
- be driving at
- drive off
- drive on

kampanje

I
subst. \/draɪv\/

1) kjøretur, biltur, reise, kjøring

2) kjørevei, oppkjørsel, innkjørsel

• Crescent Drive

3) ( teknikk) drift, kraftoverføring, trekk, styring (bil)

• electric drive

• four-wheel drive

firehjulsdrift

• left-hand drive

venstrestyring

4) ( sport) drive, kraftig slag, utslag (golf)

5) energi, drivkraft, initiativ, pågangsmot, handlekraft

• plenty of drive

6) kampanje, fremstøt, satsing, kraftanstrengelse, kraftig offensiv

7) ( i arbeid) hardt press, travelhet

• a drive of business

8) ( kortspill) parti, omgang

9) (amer., fotball) angrepsserie

10) retning, tendens, hensikt, formål

11) (amer. også) spydighet

12) ( psykologi) drift

13) ( jakt) drivjakt

14) (fe)drift

15) (amer.) tømmerfløting

go for\/take a drive ta seg en kjøretur

whist drive ( kortspill) whistturnering
II
verb ( drove - driven) \/draɪv\/

1) drive(s), drive(s) frem

• drive ashore

drive i land

• the machine is driven by steam

maskinen er\/blir drevet med damp

2) jage, drive

• drive cattle

3) trenge, tvinge, presse

• he was driven into a corner

han ble trengt inn i et hjørne

4) piske, slå

• the rain was driving in our faces

regnet pisket\/slo oss i ansiktet

5) ( jakt) drive, gjennomsøke

• drive the birds towards the guns

• drive the woods for game

6) kjøre, bile, fare, reise

• drive a car to the station

7) gi skyss, skysse

8) drive på, presse, (over)anstrenge seg

• he was hard driven

han var ganske kjørt

9) ( sport) slå (en ball)

10) ( golf også) slå med en driver, slå en drive

• he drove long

11) slå (inn), drive ned, ramme ned

• drive a nail into the wall

• drive a pile

12) bore, grave

• drive a tunnel

• drive a well

13) (be)drive, få i stand, gjennomføre

• he is driving a roaring trade

han gjør glimrende forretninger

14) utsette

• she drove it to the last minute

hun utsatte det til siste øyeblikk

15) komme farende, komme styrtende

16) gå, gå inn, trenge inn

• it wouldn't drive any further

den gikk ikke lenger inn

• the harpoon drove deep

harpunen trengte dypt inn

drive a good bargain få i stand en god handel

drive a hard bargain se ➢ bargain, 1

drive at sikte til, sikte på, gjelde, mene

• what are you driving at?

hva mener du med det?\/hva sikter du til?

( også let drive at) sikte mot, gå løs på, angripe

drive away at ( hverdagslig) fortsette (med)

drive four-in-hand kjøre med firspann

drive (in)to presse til, tvinge til

drive logs (spesielt amer.) fløte tømmer

drive on! kjør videre!, fortsett!

drive one's own car ha egen bil, holde seg med egen bil

drive out ( også) fordrive, drive ut

drive somebody out of his\/her senses eller drive somebody mad\/crazy\/frantic gjøre noen gal, drive noen til vanvidd

drive something home slå fast noe, overbevise

drive up ( om bil) kjøre frem

• drive up to the door

it's enough to drive one mad man kunne bli gal av mindre, det er til å bli gal av

English-Norwegian dictionary > drive

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